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Help:IPA/Dutch

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Dutch pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Dutch phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Dutch as well as dialectal variations not represented here.

Most audios are from three different speakers : NL1ⓘ has a Randstadian accent (Utrecht, Netherlands) , NL2ⓘ speaks in a fairly conservative standard accent (Zwaag, Netherlands) and BE1ⓘ is from the Brabantine region (Antwerp, Belgium).

Consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
b bitⓘ, opdoenⓘ bit
d dikⓘ, doodbidderⓘ duck
f fitⓘ[a], hoofdvakⓘ fit
ɣ gitⓘ, gaanⓘ[a] between again (but
without touching the roof
of the mouth) and hue
ɦ hitⓘ[a], gehooptⓘ behind
j jasⓘ yes
k kitⓘ, cabaretⓘ skit, (utterance-final, kit)
l lidⓘ, schilⓘ lit, li'l (distinctly pronounced)
m mistⓘ, kwamⓘ[b] mist, qualm
n nestⓘ, manⓘ[b] nest, gone
ŋ langⓘ[b] long, bang
p pitⓘ, hebⓘ[c] spit, (utterance-final: pit)
r ritⓘ, verⓘ[d]

guttural R

ribⓘ, grasⓘ[d]

"American" atom

s sokⓘ[a], hoofdzaakⓘ between soup and shoop
(retracted) (N), sip (B)
t tipⓘ, lidⓘ[c] stip, (utterance-final: tip)
v vitⓘ[a], hoofdenⓘ vid
ʋ witⓘ, tweeⓘ[e] like looser very (N),
very without the tongue (B)
x achtⓘ[a], wigⓘ[c] SE loch, almost "strong" kit
z zeepⓘ[a], hoosdenⓘ between zoop and jupe
(retracted) (N), zip (B)
Marginal consonants
dʑ Giovanniⓘ, jungleⓘ[a][f] jeep, squidgy
ɡ goalⓘ[g] goal
ɱ omvallenⓘ[b] symphony
ɲ oranjeⓘ, Trijntjeⓘ[f][b] somewhat like canyon
ɕ sjabloonⓘ, chefⓘ[f] sheep, squishy
tɕ tjaⓘ, tandjeⓘ,
Tsjechiëⓘ, checkⓘ[f] 		cheap, itchy
ʑ juryⓘ[a][f] gite, vision
ʔ beëindigⓘ [bəˈʔɛindəx],
Trijntje Oosterhuis
[-ə ˈʔoː-][h] 		catch in uh-oh!
Stress
ˈ vóórkomenⓘ as in commandeer
/ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/
ˌ voorkómenⓘ
Other representations
( ) maken [ˈmaːkə(n)]
zelf [zɛl(ə)f] 		Optional sound[i]
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation
Checked vowels[j]
ɑ badⓘ[k], bakkenⓘ Bart
ɛ bedⓘ, bekkenⓘ bet, bed
ɪ bitⓘ, bikkenⓘ bit, bid
ɔ botⓘ, bokkenⓘ pod, (ro)bot
ʏ bukⓘ, bukkenⓘ SSB good,
or a shorter nurse
Free vowels and diphthongs[j]
aː baatⓘ,
jaⓘ, batenⓘ 		"Brit" lad
ɑi aiⓘ I, price
aːi saaisⓘ size, prize
eː beetⓘ, zeeⓘ[l],
beterⓘ[l] 		GenAm bay (N)
SE bay or "flat" Tuesday (B)
ɛi bijtⓘ, eiⓘ "Brit" bait
œy buitⓘ, buiⓘ "Canadian" out
eːu eeuwⓘ jaywalk
ə deⓘ, beginnenⓘ again
i bietⓘ, drieⓘ beet ~ bid
iu nieuwⓘ ew!
oː bootⓘ,
zoⓘ[l], groteⓘ[l] 		bowl (N),
story (B)
øː beuⓘ[l], neusⓘ "Brit" nurse
ɔi hoiⓘ hoi, choice
oːi nooitⓘ noise
ʌu bouwtⓘ, oudⓘ,
nauwⓘ 		out, Mao (N),
no (B)
u boetⓘ, toeⓘ Boole
ui groeiⓘ booyah, Gruyère
y fuutⓘ, qⓘ SE food
yu duwⓘ pew
Marginal vowels
ɑː castⓘ[m] father
ɑ̃ː genreⓘ[m] croissant
ɛː scèneⓘ[n] BrE square
ɛ̃ː hautainⓘ[m] doyen
iː analyseⓘ[o],
bierⓘ 		beer, FR pire
ɔː rozeⓘ[m][p] thought
ɔ̃ː chansonⓘ[m] montage
œː freuleⓘ[m] fur
uː cruiseⓘ[o],
boerⓘ 		fuel, FR pour
yː centrifugeⓘ[o],
buurⓘ 		fugue, FR pure

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Generally, the southern varieties preserve the /f/–/v/, /x/–/ɣ/ and /s/–/z/ contrasts.[1][2] Southern /x/, /ɣ/ may be also somewhat more front, i.e. post-palatal ([ˈneː.ʝ̠ə]ⓘ).[2] In the north, these are far less stable: most speakers merge /x/ and /ɣ/ into a post-velar [x̠] ([ɑx̠]ⓘ) or uvular [χ] ([ɑχt]ⓘ);[1][2] most Netherlandic Standard Dutch speakers lack a consistent /f/–/v/ contrast.[2] In some accents, e.g. Amsterdam, /s/ and /z/ are also not distinguished.[2] /zj/ [ʑ] and /dj/ [dʑ] often join this neutralization by merging with /sj/ [ɕ], /tj/ [tɕ].[3] In some accents, /ɦ/ is also devoiced to [h]. See also Hard and soft G in Dutch.
  2. ^ a b c d e /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the following consonant: before bilabials, it is [m] (merging with /m/), before labiodentals, it is [ɱ] (also merging with /m/, which is labiodental in this position), before palatals, it is [ɲ] (merging with /nj/), whereas before velars, it is [ŋ] (merging with /ŋ/). In phrases, /n/ alone is affected, as in in Parijs [ɪm paːˈrɛis] 'in Paris', whereas /m/ stays bilabial even before labiodentals.[4][5]
  3. ^ a b c Dutch devoices all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final /d/ becomes [t]). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ‹z› in plural huizen ('houses') becomes huis ('house') in singular, and duiven ('doves') becomes duif ('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ‹d› in plural baarden [ˈbaːrdə(n)] ('beards') is retained in the singular spelling baard ('beard'), but pronounced as /baːrt/; and plural ribben /ˈrɪbə(n)/ ('ribs') has singular rib, pronounced as [rɪp]. Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g. het vee ('the cattle') is [ɦət ˈfeː]
  4. ^ a b The realization of the /r/ phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch, /r/ is realized as coronal rhotics [r~ɾ~r̝̊] or various post-velar continuants regrouped under the uvular trill [ʀ]. In the syllable coda, a velar bunched approximant [ɹ̈] is very common in the Netherlands,[6] e.g. Nederlanders ('Dutchmen') [ˈneɪ.dəɹ̈ˌlɑn.dəɹθ̠]ⓘ.
  5. ^ The realization of the /ʋ/ phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In the north of the Netherlands, it is a labiodental approximant [ʋ], or even a voiced labiodental fricative [v]. In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as a bilabial approximant [β̞], and Standard Surinamese Dutch uses the labiovelar approximant [w].[7][8]
  6. ^ a b c d e The alveolo-palatal affricates [tɕ] and [dʑ], the fricatives [ɕ] and [ʑ], and the nasal [ɲ] are allophones of the sequences /tj/, /dj/, /sj/, /zj/ and /nj/. [ɲ] also occurs as an allophone of /n/ before /tj/ (realized as [tɕ]).[9] [dʑ] and [ʑ] occur only in loanwords.[3]
  7. ^ /ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Dutch and only occurs in loanwords where it can be replaced with /k, ɣ/, like goal. It also appears with the assimilation of /k/,[10] like in dikbekfuut [ˈdɪɡˌbɛkˌfyt]ⓘ.
  8. ^ The glottal stop [ʔ] is indicated sparingly in Dutch transcriptions on Wikipedia: it is mandatorily inserted between [aː] and [ə] and a syllable-initial vowel, both within words and at word boundaries.[11] Often, it is also inserted before phrase-initial vowels or before any word-initial vowel.[12] This is not indicated in most of our transcriptions.
  9. ^ After the schwa, the final /n/ is frequently elided, so that maken is often pronounced [ˈmaːkə], especially in non-prevocalic environments. The nasal may be retained before vowels, yielding a linking /n/. An intrusive /n/ may also occur, as in the phrase red je 't? [ˈrɛtɕənət]. In stems ending in /ən/ (such as teken [ˈteːkən] 'I draw') and in the indefinite article een /ən/ the nasal is always retained, except when it is degeminated, but when an additional /ən/ is added to the stem (yielding the infinitive form or the present tense plural form), it behaves regularly, as in tekenen [ˈteːkənə(n)] 'to draw' or 'we/you/they draw'. Furthermore, an epenthetic schwa can be inserted between /l/ or /r/ and /m, p, k, f, x/ (in the case of /r/ alone also /n/) within the same morpheme. This is found in all types of Dutch, standard or otherwise. However, in Standard Dutch, it is limited to non-prevocalic clusters. In dialects, it can be generalized to all environments and it can also apply to the sequence /rɣ/, so that morgen 'morning', pronounced [ˈmɔrɣə(n)] in Standard Dutch, is pronounced [ˈmɔrəɣə(n)].[13]
  10. ^ a b The "checked" vowels /ɑ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, and /ʏ/ occur only in historically closed syllables, while their "free" counterparts /aː/, /eː/, /i/, /oː/, and /y/, as well as the other vowels, can occur in both open and closed syllables.
  11. ^ Brabantian which distinguishes non-mid vowels primarly by length[citation needed], has a central [ä] where standard has a rather back one.[14][15]
  12. ^ a b c d e For most speakers of Netherlandic Standard Dutch, the long close-mid vowels /eː/, /øː/ and /oː/ are realised as slightly closing diphthongs [eɪ]ⓘ, [øʏ]ⓘ and [oʊ]ⓘ, unless they precede /r/ within the same syllable.[14][16] The closing diphthongs also appear in certain Belgian dialects, e.g. the one of Bruges, but not in Belgian Standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology#Monophthongs for more details.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Found in loanwords.[17]
  14. ^ Mainly found in loanwords.[18] With the notable exeption of blèren.
  15. ^ a b c Found in loanwords as a separate phoneme, and as an allophone of its shorter counterpart before /r/ in both native and non-native words,[19] just as other free vowels. Compare auditively schaarⓘ 'shear(s)', with schaatsⓘ 'skate'
  16. ^ In Belgium, /ɔː/ tends to be pronounced the same as /oː/.[20]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b Gussenhoven (1999), p. 74.
  2. ^ a b c d e Collins & Mees (2003), p. 48.
  3. ^ a b Collins & Mees 2003, p. 202.
  4. ^ Booij (1999), pp. 64–5.
  5. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 214–5.
  6. ^ Collins & Mees 2003, pp. 199–200.
  7. ^ Collins & Mees 2003, pp. 198–9.
  8. ^ Booij (1999), p. 8.
  9. ^ Collins & Mees 2003, pp. 191, 193, 196.
  10. ^ Collins & Mees 2003, pp. 193, 201–2.
  11. ^ Gussenhoven 1999, p. 75.
  12. ^ Collins & Mees 2003, p. 194.
  13. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 197, 201, 216–7.
  14. ^ a b Gussenhoven (1999), p. 76.
  15. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 104, 128, 132–3.
  16. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 133–4.
  17. ^ Collins & Mees 2003, p. 127, 138.
  18. ^ Collins & Mees 2003, p. 127.
  19. ^ Collins & Mees 2003, p. 127, 132.
  20. ^ Collins & Mees 2003, p. 138.

Sources

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  • Booij, Geert (1999). The Phonology of Dutch. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-823869-X.
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition, ISBN 9004103406
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
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