Bug: [no-unused-vars] Incorporate upstream changes around caught errors report messages

We'll want to pull in https://github.com/eslint/eslint/pull/18608 and https://github.com/eslint/eslint/pull/18609.

This is a followup to the PRs associated with https://github.com/typescript-eslint/typescript-eslint/issues/9120 and https://github.com/typescript-eslint/typescript-eslint/issues/9383, pulling in other changes from upstream `no-unused-vars` as well.